Structures of Interviews

Interviews

Interview Styling :

Interviews have all different styles in which they are presented depending on the topic they could be for entertainment purposes.
Hard News
Combative
Light-Hearted
Entertainment
Investigative
Promotional


Hard News Interview:
An example of hard news would be most news reports on at night. This is known as hard news as its the important news, this is because it is the one that consist of all the information and facts about recent events which are usually negative and including tragedies and/or death. For example the BBC, ITV and CHANNEL 4. A hard news reports purpose is a longer detailed story on television to expose any events, people or topics. This is designed to inform the reader. They all have a particle structure, short and snappy sentence structure, enthusiasm in there voice, each paragraphs develops a thought or opinion before moving on to the next, never includes certain grammar ("I", "we").


Light-Hearted Interview:
A light hearted style of ­interview is an interview that is done in a relaxed and casual manner. However this does not necessarily mean the subject matter isn’t very serious but the way the interview and interviewee go about talking about it isn’t very dull and serious. The aim for this style of interviewing is to put the interviewee at ease and it may also be used for an emotional or personal interview. Not to forget, this could cause trust to form between the interview and interviewee meaning more information about the subject will be exposed. As well as drawing in the attention of the audience as they may be able to watch it better without finding it dull and boring.


Entertainment Interview:
Interviews are adapted and composed in order to create entertainment for the viewers at home, This results in more people watching and as well as exposing information about the subject they are also being entertained in the process. Some times entertainment news can be known as 'Gossip' when the paper right up a story or interview. This is because, it nothing serious its usually information about celebrities or the interview is being nosy when interviewing someone, resulting in 'gossip' being exposed about this celebrity.


Investigative Interview:
When conduct and interview or building a news report. People may be working on such stories for months or even years in some cases. This means that, people such as journalists in preparation for an up-and-coming interview will research and investigate deeply into the subject matter in order to prepare the interviewer for the interview to insure they have the correct information to successfully build a news report. Investigative journalist are hired specifically for this job. This is because, the task is very time consuming due to the amount of information that needs to be uncovered and exposed. This means that, they may focus on this one topic for a certain length of time. Not to forget, the stories that are investigated into this much depth are usually very important and have significant impact on the public due to the content they include. When moving on to the interview stages the reporter will have prepared questions to continue finding out information and investigating in the situation to then help the journalist. This means that, these interviews are very important and the interviews can sometimes end dup heated and tense due to the subject matter and its importance the interviewee as well as the news and public.


Promotional Interview:
When a company introduces a new product and want to ensure everyone sees or hears about this product they market it very well by putting it in magazines, adverts and posters. Another good method of marketing would be to have an interview with the executive of the business, this would result in the people seeing exactly who is in charge of this product, thus increasing popularity for this product. To conduct an interview about this matter its usually

Interview Techniques:

There are several different types of questions that can be asked throughout the course of an interview, These questions could be some of the following:
Open
Closed
Multiple
Direct
Suggestive




Open Question:
An open question is used very commonly in simplistic interviews that are simply about finding out information, This is because they are very open to interpretation. For example, an open question would be "What do you think about he two candidates in this election" This is an open question because there is a million possible answers. The interviewer is not suggesting an answer or not giving room for detail the interviewer is asking a very open minding question resulting in their being several outcomes. Interviewers may use this technique two get an insight into the person they are interviewing as this then gives the interviewer a hint of how this person views the circumstances and what there opinions are before moving forward with the interview.


Closes Question:
A closes question is used when the interviewer wants the interviewee to answer one of two ways. For example "You support politics don't you". This kind of question usually is followed up by an open question but the interviewer may include a closed question first to find out weather or not this interviewee is even interested in a particular subject that the interviewer wants to discuss.


Multiple Questions:


Direct Questions


Suggestive Questions:

Interview Structure:

An interview is usually always presented in the same way:
Introduction
Development
Confidence Building
Key Questions
Sound Bites
Summary
Wind Up


This is what most professional interviewers use as a guideline for what order they are going to present there questions to their interviewee.


Introduction:
When conducting and interview to an audience you are going to introduce yourself along with the interviewee to the audience so everyone at home or watching online knows who is involved in this interview. You then may briefly summarize the topic to the audience and viewers to ensure they are aware of what this interview is going to be based around and what sort of topics will be discussed throughout.


Development:
A development question is one of the very beginning questions. This question is almost like a warm up question following on from the introduction. This means that, this question is going to be pretty basic and simplistic. This is because, when starting off an interview with light hearted questions it results in the interviewee trusting you more not to twist and take advantage of the answer.


Confidence:
A confidence building question is in the middle area of the interview. This question is important as instead of asking simplistic questions you are beginning to dig deeper and get into more depth. This results in the interviewees answers being more useful as the interviewers begins to unravel more information. Confidence building questions are important because following on from this you have Key Questions. To ensure you get the correct and appropriate answers in that section you must as an interviewer continue to ease in the interviewee in to the more challenging questions to come.


Key Questions:
These are the most important questions in the interview. This is because, this is where the interwar can start to uncover the information hat will make this interview interesting and purposeful. This is because, so far the interviewer has been asking little questions in order to gain the interviewees trust in order to get them to answer these questions without hesitation. This is when many interviews become heated and entertaining for viewers.


Sound Bites:
Sound bites are clips of sounds that have been inserted in the editing stages of the interviewer before it goes on air. They include sound bites because, they may need to include an audience reaction or include an voice over from a previous interview in order to back up the interviewers argument etc. An example of this would be in the Television Interviewer that  recently watched that lasted 4minuites and 4 second. At 1 minute and 35 seconds in there was a sound bite.


Summary:
A Summery is conducted in a very simplistic way. For example, a summary is when the interviewer concludes the interview, This is done by summarizing the previous events and simply having a light hearted chat about what they had discussed before moving on to the wind-up.


Wind Up:
A Wind-up is the very end of the interview. This is when both parties thank each other for the points and presents in the interview and end on some light hearted jokes to conclude the interview and insure there friendship is still intact. This is because, throughout an interview can become very heated causing the interviewer and interviewee to feel a bit tensional at the end so ending on some jokes then clears the air and keeps there friendship.

Mean World Syndrome 

Mean world syndrome is violence portrayed through media. This means that, in every change of the channel we are often exposed to something violent or rude. Due to what we see in the media we automatically judge people we see at night or we don't want to walk down the street at night. For example, a boy walking down the street at night with his hood up could represent a gang member or someone who is going to trouble you. But in most cases this is not true, he may be walking to the bus stop and is simply just cold? Although, due to what we see on television our instincts now tell us that he is dangerous.

Statistics  show that people who watch more television are more afraid than people who watch less television. This is because, the people who watch the television more see the horrible stories on the news and watch the horrible programmes that stereotype 'criminals' making us afraid to see certain people when we are on the street. This results in fear and mean world syndrome. Whenever watching the news we see more violence and horrible stories that positive stories. This is because, ITV and BBC want to engage their viewers, they want everyone to watch and pay attention using horrid stories accomplishes this as people are nosy and want to see what is going on and where to see if it effects them. Whereas, doing a story on the field with a million flowers will bore people as they are not interested or do not care.

Mean world syndrome ends up making the public resent the government and the world in general as we blame the government for all of our problems.

Moral Panic

The television programme such as the news often expose people to horrific stories. For example, Charlie Brookers News wipe. This clip shows the news talking about a gun shooting in a local school. For starters this creates mean world syndrome. Following on from this the news shows clips of this man at a bank and playing ping pong? This is not needed as we do not see a clear image of his face all this is doing is creating moral panic. This results in, people thinking that everyone with the same back of the head as this mass murder is now going to kill or harm you.

Including photography of the killer and making the news story 24 hour coverage, as well as making the killer famous will make things so much worse. This is because, when its blown up and intense coverage of a story there is usually more in the following week due to how famous this killer now is. Whereas, if the news story was just exposed to the surrounding community and then made boring to the rest of the world then maybe no one else would copy because its boring and didn't attract any attention. Panicking and exposing all information will simply only make things worse.

Semiotic Analysis – Fairy Liquid Adverts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HO_vx96rSb4&nohtml5=False

This fairy liquid advert is from 1980 and this is when you would expect equality to be poor. Although in this advert it shows equality from the beginning. This is because you see both the boys and girls from school equally washing up their dinner plates. Although the presenter is a women which may be seen or known as typical. It shows the women walking around both the girls and boys at what looks like school lunch, this indicates to me that she is maybe the teacher or head of the school due to her authority to make the children wash up and the clothing she is wearing. She is wearing a knee length skirt along with a shirt a blazer, this also leads to be believe she has authority.

When the lady recommends to the children about cleaning up their dirty dishes the boys scream ‘no’ and ‘ohh’ indicating that they don’t want to do it, whereas the girls are already gathering and staking their plates ready to take them over to the sinks. This shows me that, the boys are not impressed at the fact they must do a ‘women’s’ task, whereas the girls simply get on with the task they have been assigned. This might be because, boys are lazier than women. Or these children may live in a household where the fathers do not to the housekeeping only the mothers do, due to the time that this was filmed (1980) when women use d to be well known as ‘house wife’s’ while father went to work. This was not always the case.

When panning over to the sink the boys stand one side and the girls stand the other this represents segregation as they could have had two groups of mixed girls and boys but instead the women get handed the fairy washing up liquid to test and the boy gets handed other brands. This also indicates favouritisms to me as know the girls and going to get to see how amazing fairy washing up liquid is and possibly want to go home and use this and show their parents. In comparison to this boys are going to go home and moan about how the other brands are no good and the girls won. Giving the fairy washing up liquid to the girls is slightly sexist as it will make them enjoy the washing up experience more than the boys due to how much easier it is and how much nicer it comes out. This means that girls will want to wash up again due to how simplistic it was whereas boys won’t. This almost feels as though the teacher has done this on purpose so it puts boys of washing up and entices girls to wash up.

Following on from this, while washing up the girls are all smiling and the boys are looking angry and frustrated. This is because the girls have the fairy washing up liquid which is easy and the plates are coming out perfect and clean. Although, the boys are having to wash their plates 2-3 times due to the grease not coming off the plates resulting in frustration for the boys.

Then once he washing up is done we are shown all the plates being set back out on the tables. And here we see the boys have done half of the amount of plates in comparison to girls. This indicates to me that this shows that women are better at washing up, resulting in more women wanting to do it than men.

So in my opinion, this advert does show that fairy liquid is clearly much better than the other brands, on the other hand if they had put the boys washing up with the fairy liquid and the girls with the other liquids then the advert would not come across so sexist but due to its nature and the way the genders have versed each other to see who is the best at washing up and typically the women have won.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb7neUBxEhc 

This Fairy Liquid Advert is from 2015, Due to when it has been filmed you  expect the equality of men and women to be equal, whereas the one filmed in 1980 you would expect equality to be unfair. Although this advert does not specify the women doing the washing up.  You see this as the boy wants to play with the bottle but its lasting to long. While the boy is talking to what appears to be the father figure you see the male washing up. This shows that there is not any sexism in this advert where as there used to be in the 90’s as the women were pronoun to be ‘housewives’. Showing men washing up means that Fairy liquid have adapted to the 21st century by included men washing up as well as women as in the 21st century both men and women equally share the house work and work together to accomplish this. 

This means that, the Fairy Liquid Adverts new Unique Selling Point is going to be that Fairy Liquid lasts longer in comparison to other washing up liquids. Whereas, in the 1980’s advert there Unique Selling Point is going to be how Fairy Liquid has better chemicals resulting in a nicer clean. This shows that over the last 25 years Fairy Liquid has updated there unique selling point to keep up to date with there demographics wants and needs. 

Moving on from this, there is a little boy, mother and father. This indicates to me the ‘perfect family home’ which is not very common.  may be because they wanted to show a whole family  together washing up doing family activities together. Although, we do not often see the mother in this clip we simply see a blurred image of her face and her hands as she washes and drys. Not to forget, you get to see the father and son bonding over the breakfast table talking about how the boy wishes to make a  rocket out of the Fairy Liquid bottle. This also indicates to me that the Fairy Liquid bottle is also child safe. This is because, he can play with it meaning that it is child friendly. 

Theories

Passive or Active Consumption:

What are the key characteristics of this theory, explain in your own words how this theory works?

Passive: A passive audience is one that does not get involved and cannot change the future. For example, a passive television programme would be Hollyoaks, Emmerdale, Eastenders. Programmes that have pre-written scripts weeks in advance and the passive audience will not be able to change the programme that is going to air weather they like it or not. Television is often seen as Passive. This is because, most programmes on television are non-vote or pre-written weeks in advance meaning that you cannot change what is going to happen.

Active: Active audience are much more independent when consuming information, An active audience will take the information and then come up with their own meaning for this information. This means that, people in the Active audiences are ironically more 'Active' they like to get involve and change the program if possible and example of this would be X-Factor. This is because, the audience is interactive with the programme, we can vote and change the 'script' as such by removing contestant from the programme and keeping contestants in the program. Another example of this would be 'Im a Celeb' and any other voting television programme that requires the audiences response to continue the show.

Hypodermic Needle Model:

What are the key characteristics of this theory, explain in your own words how this theory works?

A hypodermic needle model can also be known as, hypodermic-syringe model, transition belt model or magic bullet theory. A hypodermic needle model is known as something that can influence viewers to copy what they see. For example, when underage children see graphic images online they may then want to copy this or see more graphic images like this. This is known as the hypodermic needle effect.

The hypodermic needle effect applies in cinemas for example. It is known that when a mass audience watches a cinema the film is injecting information into the audience through the hypodermic needle effect.

Diagramme:

 

Reception study including responses:

What are they key characterises of this theory, explain in your own words how this theory works?

A reception theory can be in three different formats:

Dominant:

A domenant audience is someone who agrees entirely with what they see/read. This means that they go along with it and all it's information fully, agree and understand it. Not to forget, the audience is uncritical of the text that they have been shown and do not argue it in any way.

Negotiated:

A negotiated audience is someone who doesn't know what they think, they like parts of the production but also dis like parts of the production. This means that they are in the middle, they don't love what they have seen, they also argue some elements of it. Not to forget, the audience is slightly critical but not extremely critical of the text they have seen, they agree and disagree with certain elements.

Oppositional:

An oppositional audience is someone who does not like what they have just seen and are fully against it they may have their own arguments as to why but they dislike it a lot and the are very opposite to the domenant people. This means that, they are competitive critical of the text they have been shown and disagree with all of its content.


Here is a news article about a boy who has allegedly been killed by his PlayStation. This means that the PlayStation may have blown up or self destructed and caused the boy to die.

 If I was in the dominant audience my reply would be :
"Oh know, poor boy, I will never buy another PlayStation or anything similar as they are all bad and can put everyone at risk" this meant that, they have read the story and the information and believed every word. 

If i was a negotied audience I would say:
"This is horrible, but I'm sure not every PlayStation is like this, he must have been very in liked, although technology is dangerous". This shows that they are listening to what the message is saying but also having their own opinion on the situation.

Oppositional would say something like:
"Well, this is all lies, it's got to be his own fault a PlayStation will not just murder someone, he must have had too many plugs in or something to cause it" this shows they are very against everything they have read and do not choose to believe a word of it.

Uses and Gratification Theory:

What are they key characteristics of this theory, explain in your own words how this theory works?

This theory relies on their audience not being a passive audience, they need them to be a active audience and get involved by interpreting and integrating media into their lives. This theory focuses on the consumer (audience) rather than the message its self. This theory applies to mass audiences and therefor will affect more people. The uses and gratification theory goes by people relying on social media, this means that people rely on other people for entertainment, gossip and for general interest. This means that people use social media to interact with other people and gossip about other people.

Codes and Conventions of Newspapers

Here is the link to see the annotated newspaper in a large format:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6X5--xzxXRuRW9kREhXYURDVW8/view?usp=sharing

The front of a Newspaper is very important. This is because, the front page is the first thing that people will see, Some newspapers that look bland and boring people will put down and pick up a different one. Not to forget, when including bold, big and bright font and pictures it will get peoples attention in comparison to including small, dull, black and white writing and images as it looks very bland and old fashioned so people do not want to bother reading something that looks boring.

 

Critical Approaches to Creative Media

Target Audience (The Times)

The Times are a higher demographic newspaper in comparison to the Sun. This means that, their information based inside the newspaper will be aimed towards that target audience. For example, The Times on Facebook currently has 558,074 likes. This means that, 558,074 people are currently following them on Facebook, resulting in these people not having to purchase the newspaper they can simply look on their Facebook page and receive updates. As well as using Twitter, The Times also have a twitter page that will achieve the same as a Facebook Page. This means that the people that follow The Times on Twitter will also receive free updates on what's going on. Although I think if they wish to receive further detailed information on a story they have to purchase the Newspaper its self in order to discover more depth into a story. The Times currently have 869,000 Follows looking at their twitter page and receiving updates. Having your newspaper online and having its own account is a very good thing because this means that they are trying to broaden their target audience. This is because, the main target audience for the Times is people ages 65+ (pensioners) who have time on their hands to venture out and get newspapers, whereas people who still work and lead busy life's are unable to go to the shops on a regular basis and purchase a newspaper, so when putting it on accessible social media sights the younger generation are going to be more appealed to look online and read the News Stories while on their way to college, university, work etc.

On this Graph Below you can see that the age of The Times target audience is 65+, This is because 34.1% of people ages 65+ purchase and read the paper copy of The Sun. Whereas, 7.4% of 25-34 year old actually purchase The Times. This could be for a number of reasons. Firstly, the newspapers content could simply not appeal to people in that age range as they may find it rather dull and un-interesting. Secondly, people of that age may decide that going out and buying a newspaper is a lot of hassle and they could be the majority that look online at short, summed up, brief new stories on websites such as Facebook and Twitter.

From this social Demographic scale you can clearly see that the Demographics that Read the Newspaper the Times are AB. This might be because, the times is a very detailed and intellectual newspaper that may not appeal to the working class or below. Not to forget, the Times is a lot less appealing in comparison to The Sun. This is due to the Times including less imagery making it look a lot more bland. As well as, having some stories cover a pull double page spread whereas the Sun may only include one A4 Page. This does not mean that the people in the demographics of C1 and lower are un-educated, It simply means that the people do not like to sit and read in full depth about a story and they are simply pleased with one that is summed up and looks a lot more appealing.

 

Target Audience (The Sun)

 

The Sun are a lower demographic Newspaper but have a much wider Target Audience in comparison to The Times. This Newspaper is also on both Facebook and Twitter but has a lot more followers on each social media sight in comparison to The Times. On Facebook the Sun has 2,449,178 likes. This means that well over double of the people are viewing Facebook online in comparison to viewing The Times online. As well as, 1,200,000 People Following the Sun on Twitter. This results in the Target Audience for the Sun being increased dramatically in comparison to the Target Audience for the Times. This is due to the sun also having a large amount of followers on both Twitter and Facebook. This also leads me to believe without looking at any further information that the target audience of younger people will be higher on this newspaper.

When looking at the Graph below you can see that Similarly to the Times the target age audience of the Sun would still be 65+, Although on this newspaper more of the younger people are also looking at the Sun, There is 10.2% of 15-24 year olds, as well as 13.8% of 25-34 year olds which is greater than the Times in them age ranges. This leads me to believe, that the Sun has a much bigger Target Audience in comparison to the Times. This is most likely because the Sun includes a variety of short, and brief stories on all subjects and things going on in the world that may appeal to a larger Target Audience, whereas the Times is very political some may say.

In the Chart below you can very clearly see that the Social Demographic Target Audience for the Sun would be DE. This is the complete opposite to the Times. This is because, the Times Social Demographic Target Audience is AB. This indicates to me that the Times is confirmed to be more of the upper-class Newspaper, The stories are a lot more detailed, as well as the newspaper its self being a lot more bland in-comparison to the Sun. The Sun includes a lot of gossip information throughout its newspaper whereas the Times in consistent with facts and figures along with its very political approach.

 

Conclusion

To Conclude I think that the Sun and the Times have very similar but also very different Target Audiences. This is because, they share the same Target Audience due to them both people Newspapers. But the Times has a high Social Demographic Audience and the Sun has a higher Internet Target Audience. Not to forget, the Times is a more complex newspaper and includes a lot more detailed stories that go over 2 A4 Pages. Whereas, the Sun includes briefer stories that sometimes go over 1 A4 Side and include a lot of gossip. Along with, the Sun have a lot more picture imagery and different styles, sizes and boldness of text throughout each story whereas the Times is very monotone and simple.